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        <h1 align="center">尼采简介</h1>
        
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                	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 一、和过去的自己决裂<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 在人类哲学发展史上，尼采一直是一个特立独行的存在。任何专家学者都无法把他圈进某个体系、某个学说；任何观点和认识也无法将他永远套牢，使他臣服；任何一个读者也永远别想完全理解尼采的变幻莫测。他就像一条必须永远蜕皮的蛇，否则只能死去。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 尼采的成长充斥着暴力和猛烈的意志力。他总是彻底摧毁自己，而后再完整地重建自己。每一个新的自我、每一个新的发现，都是他近乎残忍地侵蚀自己、丧失信念、分解自己的结果。在他变化多端的世界里，没有什么过去的东西能留存下来与后来者和平共处，就连他本人的各个发展时期也要针锋相对。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 此外尼采的成长和绝大多数人正好相反，是一种倒叙手法的逆生长。他以长者的姿态起步，越年长越疯狂。当他的大学同学还在恶作剧和啤酒中消磨时光，24岁的尼采已经是一个职位优越的语文学教授了，结交的全是年事已高、享誉盛名的大学者。那时的尼采像个迂腐的宫廷顾问，躬身俯在那些希腊文字手稿上编制索引，埋在纸堆中乐此不疲。27岁时，他发表了第一篇专著——《悲剧的诞生》，引来一片狂热的喝彩之声，成为巴塞尔学术界的精英和当地上流社会的新宠。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 然而就在他事业的上升期，尼采却选择了离开古典文学的讲台。他第一次进入自我的世界，这是他第一次深刻转折，这一转折标志着一个艺术家的诞生。他开始现出了自己的真面目，一个不合时宜的悲剧人物。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 36岁时，尼采成了一个被放逐的人，此时，他是一个反道德主义者、怀疑主义者、诗人和音乐家，他比青年时期更具有青春的活力。他脱离了一切历史和自己研究的领域，成了未来人类的同伴。一般来说艺术家随着年龄的增长会日渐趋于保守，而尼采却反其道而行之，随着时光的流逝不断地甩开一切束缚和羁绊。他的转变越发迅疾、自由和张扬，越发丰富、强劲和爆裂，也越发愤世嫉俗。他的生活终于跟不上自我蜕变的速度，就像放电影一般，伴随着嗡嗡的鸣响和不断颤抖闪烁的画面。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 随着转变的加速，其强度和痛楚也相应地增长。他思想的每一次转变，就像地震爆发，都使他整个的信仰大厦倾刻间夷为平地。他的思想获得新生时，也就是什么东西死去之时，他的体内总有什么被撕裂，好像有一把钢刀，斩断与过去的一切联系。因此，他所有的著述，其实都是这些手术的临床纪录，记载的是他对自己的活体解剖，是二十载精神生活中一个个尼采的传记。<br/><br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 二、痛苦反而成就了他<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 天生强健的人一般容易满足，而只有谁在痛苦中逼近死亡的边缘，谁才能自豪地说：“我对生命了解很多，因为我每每险些失去他。”因此心理学不是身强力壮的人创造出来的，一切认识与思考其实都源于痛苦。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 尼采就是长期以来忍受病痛折磨的人，他的病患布满全身，可以列出一长串的清单。在20年间的信件里，充满了痛苦的呻吟声：“快死掉吧，这样你会更轻松些”，“如果有一支手枪的话倒是很令人愉快的。”<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 然而病魔征服不了他，他始终在和自己的身体对峙。一边是反抗病魔的坚忍之力，一边是始终活跃着的精细敏感的神经。他的神经敏感到不可思议的地步，就像是一只无比精密的气压表，哪怕纤毫的变化，指针都会剧烈摇摆起来。这种魔鬼般的敏感，是造成他痛楚的唯一根源，也是他深邃思想的源泉。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 大自然中时刻变化的空气就会使他感到无边的痛苦。他的感觉简直是气压表的水银柱，在他的脉搏与气压之间，神经与空气湿度之间，仿佛有某种神秘的感应。雨和阴沉的天空都会使他心情沮丧，精神萎靡，甚至他的内脏都能感到乌云层层压下来。然而干燥却能使他充满活力，太阳也能拯救他。他的神经晴雨表的指针总是在摇摆不定，就像变幻莫测的四月天，没有静止的时候。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 于是这种与生俱来的天性被他精心培育成一种能分辨所有刺激的能力，能够穿过他生活中那静止得令人窒息的空气，以及几十年的隐居生涯。在一天的24个小时里，没有人同他交谈，他只能听到血液在血管里流动的声音，于是他同自己的神经开始了一场无休无止的对话。别人会时刻忘掉自己，把注意力集中到闲聊、生意、游戏甚至无所事事中，但是尼采这样一个敏感的人却永远不会忘记时时刻刻关注自己，解剖自己。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 而身体的疾病和痛楚被尼采当作一生的“事业”，也是他唯一的事业。他心甘情愿地接受它们成为自己命运的重要组成部分，他热爱自己生命的一切，于是也接受了令人痛苦的部分。他感谢疾病，使他逃脱了兵役，有机会重新钻研学问；他也感谢疾病，把他赶出古典文学、马塞尔大学的小圈子，“退休”后得以回归到自己的世界。衰弱的眼睛还使得他从“书本中解脱”，“这是我为自己做的最大的一件好事。”他的痛苦将他从一切束缚的网罗中剥离出来，虽然痛楚不堪，却受益匪浅。可以说，是疾病和痛苦，成就了尼采的深邃。<br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 三、悲剧的独角戏<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 尼采的一生是一出悲剧式的独角戏：在他短暂的人生舞台上，除了他自己，再也没有其他人物。没有人与他并肩，也没有人与他对峙。尼采始终是孑然一身，自言自语，孤军奋战，孤独地承受着苦难。他讲话，但不是面对任何人，也没有谁来回答他。而更可怕的是，没有人留心他在讲些什么。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 起初当他还是讲台上侃侃而谈的大学教授时，他的谈吐还是多少吸引了一些人的注意。但大家越来越被他激烈的转变、狂热的亢奋所吓到。而他每一次的转变不仅是向过去的自己决裂，也是向曾经志同道合的朋友们决裂。他越是赢得自我，就越是失去世界。尼采的作品始终有一种排斥力，将一切友好的东西从他身边推开，让自己脱离时代。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 每本新书都使他失去一个朋友，直到后来在德国再也没有一个出版社愿意为他出书，他的地下室里凌乱的堆积着20年重达6400千克的著作成果。为了使他的书还能出版，他不得不动用自己那点可怜的积蓄，但即使出版，他的书也没有人购买，即使是赠送，也没有人读。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 此时的尼采，正处在创作的巅峰期，而对他的时代而言，却显得那么陌生。对世人来说，尼采的著作成了巨大的负担。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 这种空寂变成了尼采的地狱。“在我发自肺腑的呼唤之后，我却得不到回答。什么也没有，只有无声的漫长的孤独。它是那么地可怕，能让最坚强的人崩溃。”不管是冷漠还是热情，哪怕是温吞吞，他只需要有一个回答能证明他的存在，他的思想的存在。然而所有人都避开了他。这像是一道伤口，不断的向尼采深处侵蚀，伤害着他的骄傲和自信，使他的孤独染上了毒性并变得狂躁不安。<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 现在，尼采要不顾一切地得到回答。他写信、拍电报，催逼出版社赶紧出版他的书。他的主要作品《强力意志》还没有最后完成，他便迫不及待地抽出一部分章节，向时代掷去。他的骄傲被世人的沉默激怒了。在最后的日子里，他被不详的愤怒拽住了，像被戳瞎独眼的波吕斐摩斯，咆哮着向周围抛掷石块，却不知道是否击中了目标。</p>
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                    	同读一本书
                        第28期
               	  	
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                    <h4><a href="281.htm" tppabs="http://www.duyou8.com/book/281">人类群星闪耀时</a></h4>
                    <a href="281.htm" tppabs="http://www.duyou8.com/book/281"><img width="160" src="281.jpg" tppabs="http://bj.bcebos.com/duyou8//book/small/281.jpg" alt="人类群星闪耀时读书笔记"/></a>
                    
                  <div>作者:茨威格</div> 
                    <div>领读人:<a href="javascript:if(confirm(%27http://www.duyou8.com/user/1  \n\nThis file was not retrieved by Teleport Ultra, because it was unavailable, or its retrieval was aborted, or the project was stopped too soon.  \n\nDo you want to open it from the server?%27))window.location=%27http://www.duyou8.com/user/1%27" tppabs="http://www.duyou8.com/user/1">東</a></div>
                    <div>
                    	开始时间:
                      
                         2016-08-11
                      
                      
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                    	结束时间:
                         
                            2016-08-23
                        
                        
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